{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nZinc finger proteins and helix-turn-helix proteins are\n(A) types of DNA-binding proteins (B) involved in the control of translation (C) components of ribosomes (D) part of the hemoglobin in blood cells \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIf the frequency of males affected with an X-linked recessive condition in a human population is .10 (one in ten), what will be the expected frequency of affected females?\n(A) 0.01 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.02 (D) 0.0001 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIn DNA adenine normally pairs with:\n(A) cytosine. (B) guanine. (C) thymine. (D) uracil. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe pattern of inheritance shown by malignant hyperthermia (hyperpyrexia) is:\n(A) autosomal dominant. (B) autosomal recessive. (C) X-linked dominant. (D) X-linked recessive. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nMapping of human chromosomes:\n(A) has been restricted to the sex chromosomes because of small family sizes (B) proceeded much more successfully as large numbers of DNA markers became available. (C) has determined that the number of linkage groups is about twice the number of chromosomes (D) has demonstrated that almost all of the DNA is involved in coding for genes \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIntergenerational transmission to offspring can occur as a result of parental exposures to ______.\n(A) war (B) natural disasters (C) hunger (D) all of these \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAsp235Phe in a molecular report indicates that:\n(A) asparagine has been replaced by phenylalanine. (B) phenylalanine has been replaced by asparagine. (C) aspartic acid has been replaced by phenylalanine. (D) phenylalanine has been replaced by aspartic acid. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe risk of abnormality in the child of a mother with untreated phenylketonuria is:\n(A) 1% (B) 10% (C) 25% (D) Almost 100% \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nExon skipping is associated with:\n(A) nonsense mutations. (B) regulatory mutations. (C) RNA processing mutations. (D) silent mutations. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following is not a chromosome instability syndrome?\n(A) Klinefelter syndrome (B) Ataxia telangiectasia (C) Fanconi anaemia (D) Bloom syndrome \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nNormal adult haemoglobin (Hb A) consists of:\n(A) two \u03b1 (alpha) and two \u03b2 (beta) chains. (B) two \u03b1 and two \u03b3 (gamma) chains. (C) two \u03b1 and two \u03b4 (delta) chains. (D) four \u03b3 chains. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIn a condition such as schizophrenia the recurrence risk will be greatest for which of the following relatives of an affected individual?\n(A) Brother (B) Nephew (C) Grandchild (D) Aunt \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe mutation in sickle-cell disease consists of:\n(A) a deletion. (B) a duplication. (C) an insertion. (D) a point mutation. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following is an example of monosomy?\n(A) 46,XX (B) 47,XXX (C) 69,XYY (D) 45,X \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nQTL analysis is used to\n(A) identify chromosome regions associated with a complex trait in a genetic cross (B) determine which genes are expressed at a developmental stage (C) map genes in bacterial viruses (D) identify RNA polymerase binding sites \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhat would be the frequency of AABBCC individuals from a mating of two AaBbCc individuals?\n(A) 1.0/64 (B) 1.0/32 (C) 1.0/128 (D) 1.0/256 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIt is currently estimated that there are ______ human protein-coding genes although this estimate may be reduced over time.\n(A) 10,000\u201315,000 (B) 19,000\u201320,000 (C) 29,000\u201330,000 (D) 100,000 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWith which of the following relatives is an individual most likely to share a common HLA haplotype?\n(A) Father (B) Mother (C) Sister (D) Son \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following genes conveys susceptibility for polygenic Alzheimer disease?\n(A) APP (B) PS1 (C) PS2 (D) APOE \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe DiGeorge/Shprintzen syndrome is caused by a deletion in which chromosome?\n(A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 15 (D) 22 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nX-chromosome inactivation\n(A) results in genetically turning off one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals (B) takes place in humans so that the same X chromosome is inactive in all of the cells of a female (C) is the cause of the Y chromosome being genetically inactive (D) occurs in fruit flies but not in mammals \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe pattern of inheritance shown by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is:\n(A) autosomal dominant. (B) autosomal recessive. (C) X-linked dominant. (D) X-linked recessive. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nHomeobox sequences\n(A) are present in the genome of many animal species (B) are found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes (C) were identified as the integration sites for bacterial viruses (D) represent integration sites for transposable elements \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following karyotypes is diagnostic of Down syndrome\n(A) 46,XX,der(14;21)(q10;q10)pat+21 (B) 47,XY,+13 (C) 45,XX,rob,(14;21)(q10;q10) (D) 46,XY,t(2;3)(q21;q12) \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nNature is more important for ______ differences, while nurture has greater influence on ______ differences.\n(A) structural and anatomical; psychological and social (B) psychological and social; structural and anatomical (C) structural and psychological; anatomical and social (D) social and anatomical; psychological and structural \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following would result in Angelman syndrome?\n(A) Maternal UPD 15 (B) Paternal UPD 15 (C) Deletion in the paternally derived chromosome 15 (D) A mutation in the SNRPN promoter \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nRecombinant alpha-iduronidase is used for the treatment of which disease/syndrome?\n(A) Fabry disease (B) Gaucher disease (C) Hurler syndrome (D) Pompe disease \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nResearch from Moshe Szyf and colleagues has provided significant findings on the epigenetic influences of prenatal maternal stress. This work has been labelled ______.\n(A) developmental epigenetics (B) social epigenetics (C) fetal epigenetics (D) maternal epigenetics \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIf both parents are affected with the same autosomal recessive disorder then the probability that each of their children will be affected equals ___.\n(A) 1 in 4 (B) 1 in 2 (C) 2 in 3 (D) 1 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe mutational mechanism in \u03b4\u03b2-thalassaemia consists of:\n(A) a deletion. (B) a duplication. (C) an insertion. (D) a point mutation. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAssuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the genoypte frequency of heterozygotes, if the frequency of the two alleles at the gene being studied are 0.6 and 0.4, will be:\n(A) 0.8 (B) 0.64 (C) 0.48 (D) 0.32 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nFamilial hypercholesterolaemia is caused by mutations in the gene which encodes what?\n(A) High density lipoprotein (B) HMG-CoA reductase (C) Low density lipoprotein (D) Low density lipoprotein receptor \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nA cross between two true breeding lines one with dark blue flowers and one with bright white flowers produces F1 offspring that are light blue. When the F1 progeny are selfed a 1:2:1 ratio of dark blue to light blue to white flowers is observed. What genetic phenomenon is consistent with these results?\n(A) epistasis (B) incomplete dominance (C) codominance (D) inbreeding depression \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe proportion of babies that have an abnormality identifiable at birth is _____.\n(A) 1 in 10 (B) 1 in 40 (C) 1 in 100 (D) 1 in 500 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\n______ explained genetic disorders such as alkaptonuria and albinism.\n(A) Recessive inheritance has (B) Dominant genes have (C) X chromosomes (D) Y chromosomes \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following conditions shows anticipation in paternal transmission?\n(A) Huntington disease (B) Marfan syndrome (C) Cystic fibrosis (D) Fragile X syndrome \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nA homeotic mutation is one which\n(A) is present in only one form in an individual (B) substitutes one body part for another in development (C) results in development of a tumor (D) is wild type at one temperature and abnormal at another \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following is not a familial cancer syndrome\n(A) Familial adenomatous polyposis (B) Li-Fraumeni syndrome (C) Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (D) Waardenburg syndrome \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe epigenetic inheritance system has been described as ______ (Mayr and Provine, 1980).\n(A) genotype inheritance (B) soft inheritance (C) RNA inheritance (D) hard inheritance \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nSevere anaemia at birth is a feature of what?\n(A) Alpha-thalassaemia (B) Beta-thalassaemia (C) Hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (D) Sickle cell disease \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIf an X-linked recessive disorder is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the incidence in males equals 1 in 100, then the expected incidence of affected homozygous females would be _______.\n(A) 1 in 1000 (B) 1 in 4000 (C) 1 in 10 000 (D) 1 in 40 000 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nTay-Sachs disease is caused by deficiency of _________________?\n(A) Alpha-L-iduronidase (B) Glucose-6-phosphatase (C) Hexosaminidase A (D) Homogentisic acid oxidase \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nA nonsense mutation involves:\n(A) a regulatory sequence. (B) an AG splice acceptor site. (C) the creation of a different amino acid. (D) the creation of a stop codon. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe polymerase chain reaction or PCR is a technique that\n(A) was used to demonstrate DNA as the genetic material (B) is used to determine the content of minerals in a soil sample (C) uses short DNA primers and a thermostable DNA polymerase to replicate specific DNA sequences in vitro. (D) measures the ribosome transfer rate during translation \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe maternal serum level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is lower than average in which situation?\n(A) Down syndrome (B) Exomphalos (C) Neural tube defects (D) Twin pregnancies \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\n______ has been described as the phenomenon by which one genotype can give rise to a range of different physiological or morphological states in response to different environmental conditions during development (West-Eberhard, 1989).\n(A) Fetal plasticity (B) The fetal origins hypothesis (C) Developmental plasticity (D) Environmental plasticity \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nArabidopsis is advantageous for plant genetic research because:\n(A) it is commercially important as a food crop (B) it is an endangered species (C) it is the closest to humans of any existing plant (D) it is a small plant with a small genome size which can be raised inexpensively \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe proportion of genes shared by first cousins is on average ___.\n(A) 1.0/2 (B) 1.0/4 (C) 1.0/8 (D) 1.0/16 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following is not a tumour suppressor gene?\n(A) APC (B) NF1 (C) RB1 (D) RET \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following is a feature of X-linked dominant inheritance?\n(A) Parental consanguinity (B) Male to male transmission (C) Transmission only by females (D) Transmitted by males only to females \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nOn average, how many fragments would a restriction enzyme which recognizes a specific 4 base sequence in DNA be expected to cleave a double-stranded bacteriophage with a genome size of 5,000 bp into?\n(A) about 2 (B) about 4 (C) about 20 (D) about 50 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nPositional cloning refers to\n(A) using a selection procedure to clone a cDNA (B) cloning a portion of a gene using PCR (C) isolating a gene by PCR using primers from another species (D) mapping a gene to a chromosomal region and then identifying and cloning a genomic copy of the gene from the region \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nPlasmid vectors for cloning\n(A) can generally accommodate larger inserts than phage vectors can (B) grow within bacteria, and are present in bacterial colonies on an agar plate (C) can accommodate inserts of over 100 kilobases (D) include centromeres to allow propagation in yeast \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nTranscriptional activator proteins\n(A) bind regions near a eukaryotic gene and allow an RNA polymerase to transcribe a gene (B) bind to ribosomes to activate the production of specific proteins (C) are produced during an infection of bacteria by a phage (D) are essential to function of transfer RNAs during translation \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAssuming that the level of glucose is low, a mutation in the repressor associated with the lac operon of E. coli which prevents binding of the repressor to lactose should result in: \n(A) constitutive expression of the lac operon genes (B) lack of expression or reduced expression of the lac operon genes under all circumstances (C) expression of the genes only when lactose is present (D) expression of the genes only when lactose is absent \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIn meiosis, recombination occurs in:\n(A) Metaphase I. (B) Prophase I. (C) Metaphase II. (D) Prophase II. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nLeber's hereditary optic atrophy is caused by a mutation in:\n(A) chromosome 12. (B) chromosome 18. (C) chromosome 21. (D) mitochondrial DNA. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nRegarding exons, which, if any, of the following statements is correct?\n(A) Some exons in protein-coding genes consist of noncoding DNA. (B) The first exon of a protein-coding gene always contains the translational start site. (C) The last exon of a protein-coding gene always contains the normal termination codon. (D) A coding exon is always translated in just one of the three possible forward reading frames. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIn humans, each cell normally contains ______ of chromosomes.\n(A) 11 pairs (B) 23 pairs (C) 32 pairs (D) 46 pairs \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAn increase in the inbreeding coefficient, F, is likely to result in:\n(A) reduced likelihood of heterozygotes being present in a population (B) higher proportion of genes that show linkage (C) higher proportion of genes with introns (D) higher level of difference between RNA molecules in two daughter cells \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following findings on prenatal ultrasound examination would not raise suspicion of a chromosome abnormality?\n(A) Duodenal atresia (B) Holoprosencephaly (C) Hydrops fetalis (D) Monozygotic twins \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe likelihood of an individual in a population carrying two specific alleles of a human DNA marker, each of which has a frequency of 0.2, will be:\n(A) 0.4 (B) 0.32 (C) 0.08 (D) 0.02 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAn Hfr strain of E. coli contains:\n(A) a vector of yeast or bacterial origin which is used to make many copies of a particular DNA sequence (B) a bacterial chromosome with a human gene inserted (C) a bacterial chromosome with the F factor inserted (D) a human chromosome with a transposable element inserted \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nMale to male transmission is a key feature of which pattern of inheritance?\n(A) Autosomal dominant (B) Autosomal recessive (C) X-linked dominant (D) X-linked recessive \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nSimple tandem repeat polymorphisms in humans are most useful for\n(A) solving criminal and paternity cases (B) reconstructing the relationships of humans and chimps. (C) estimating relationships of humans and Neanderthals (D) transferring disease resistance factors into bone marrow cells \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following disorders is not suitable for population carrier screening?\n(A) Cystic fibrosis (B) Oculocutaneous albinism (C) Sickle cell disease (D) Tay-Sachs disease \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following disorders does not show X-linked inheritance?\n(A) Duchenne muscular dystrophy (B) Tay-Sachs disease (C) Haemophilia A (D) Haemophilia B \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe most common chromosome abnormality in first trimester spontaneous miscarriages is:\n(A) trisomy. (B) monosomy. (C) triploidy. (D) tetrasomy. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following karyotypes is not compatible with survival to birth?\n(A) 47,XY,+13 (B) 47,XX,+18 (C) 47,XY,+21 (D) 45,Y \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nMale breast cancer is associated with mutations in ___.\n(A) BRCA1 (B) BRCA2 (C) NF1 (D) RET \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nPseudocholinesterase deficiency is associated with increased sensitivity to what?\n(A) Fava beans (B) Halothane (C) Primaquine (D) Succinylcholine \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe most common cystic fibrosis mutation consists of:\n(A) a deletion. (B) a duplication. (C) a substitution. (D) an insertion. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe normal human chromosome diploid number is:\n(A) 23 (B) 24 (C) 46 (D) 48 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAdvantages of using adenoviruses for gene therapy include:\n(A) long term expression. (B) low risk of insertional mutagenesis. (C) low immunogenecity. (D) easy assembly. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following statements about Hirschsprung disease is incorrect?\n(A) It shows an association with Down syndrome. (B) It is more common in girls than in boys. (C) RET is a major susceptibility gene. (D) Recurrence risks are greater for long segment disease than for short segment disease. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following conditions is caused by a trinucleotide (triplet) repeat expansion?\n(A) Cystic fibrosis (B) Duchenne muscular dystrophy (C) Huntington disease (D) Osteogenesis imperfecta \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following causes female pseudohermaphroditism?\n(A) Androgen insensitivity (B) Campomelic dysplasia (C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (D) Klinefelter syndrome \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich component of transcribed RNA in eukaryotes is present in the initial transcript but is removed before translation occurs?\n(A) Intron (B) 3\u2019 Poly A tail (C) Ribosome binding site (D) 5\u2019 cap \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following is not a recognized complication of cystic fibrosis?\n(A) Cancer of the oesophagus (B) Congenital absence of the vas deferens (C) Diabetes mellitus (D) Liver cirrhosis \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following diagnostic techniques is of no value for the diagnosis of neural tube defects?\n(A) Amniocentesis (B) Chorion villus sampling (CVS) (C) Maternal serum screening (D) Ultrasonography \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following conditions is a peroxisomal disorder?\n(A) Acute intermittent porphyria (B) Maple syrup urine disease (C) Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (D) Zellweger syndrome \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nMarked microsatellite instability is a feature of:\n(A) familial adenomatous polyposis. (B) hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). (C) multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2. (D) neurofibromatosis 1. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe common mutation in \u03b1-thalassaemia consists of:\n(A) a deletion. (B) a duplication. (C) an insertion. (D) a point mutation. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nA baby born with pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to oligohydramnios caused by renal agenesis would be classified as having:\n(A) an association. (B) a dysplasia. (C) a sequence. (D) a syndrome. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe ______ is the set of observable characteristics and is the sum of genetic and environmental effects.\n(A) genotype (B) phenotype (C) both genotype and phenotype (D) neither genotype or phenotype \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following trisomy karyotypes has the mildest effect on human development?\n(A) 47,XXX (B) 47,XXY (C) 47,XX,+13 (D) 47,XY,+21 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nMutations that cause achondroplasia exert an effect which can be classified as:\n(A) dominant negative. (B) gain-of-function. (C) haploinsufficiency. (D) loss-of-function. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe presence of two or more cell lines from different zygotes in a single individual is known as:\n(A) mosaicism. (B) diploidy. (C) aneuploidy. (D) chimaerism. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nThe risk for miscarriage associated with amniocentesis is approximately ____.\n(A) 1 in 10 (B) 1 in 50 (C) 1 in 100 to 1 in 200 (D) 1 in 1000 \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nAutozygosity mapping is used to map disorders that show which pattern of inheritance?\n(A) Autosomal dominant (B) Autosomal recessive (C) X-linked dominant (D) X-linked recessive \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nConsanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance?\n(A) Autosomal dominant (B) Autosomal recessive (C) X-linked dominant (D) X-linked recessive \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nMost new mutations appear to be\n(A) beneficial (B) neutral or deleterious (C) present in homozygotes rather than heterozygotes (D) detectable using allozyme studies (protein electrophoresis) \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nTwin studies in humans are useful because\n(A) they allow genetic as opposed to environmental influences on variation in a trait to be estimated (B) cloning of genes is facilitated by the presence of extra copies (C) they allow improved expression of genes (D) twins have a greater likelihood of being heterozygous \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nComplete the following sentence. The Philadelphia chromosome:\n(A) is an example of gene amplification. (B) is a product of a reciprocal translocation. (C) causes Burkitt's lymphoma. (D) causes retinoblastoma. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(B)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nEnzyme assay can be used to identify carriers of:\n(A) Cystic fibrosis. (B) Fragile X syndrome. (C) Oculocutaneous albinism. (D) Tay-Sachs disease. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nA high blood ammonia level occurs in:\n(A) galactosaemia. (B) Hurler's syndrome. (C) ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. (D) phenylketonuria. \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(C)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nIn genome-wide association studies, known SNPs explain ______ of the variation in body mass index despite the evidence of greater than 50% heritability from twin and family studies.\n(A) only 5% (B) less than 1% (C) only 13% (D) less than 2% \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nDifferential distribution of substances in the egg most typically results in:\n(A) differences in gene expression which may establish a pattern in the embryo as the cells divide (B) amplification of specific genes during development (C) development of polyploid tissues (D) loss of specific genes during development \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(A)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
{"question": "The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about medical genetics.\n\nQ: The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over is:\n(A) prophase I (B) metaphase I (C) prophase II (D) metaphase II\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Prophase I is the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair with each other and exchange genetic material. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: DNA ligase is\n(A) an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replication (B) an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequences (C) an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genes (D) an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. DNA ligase is a type of enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) responsible for joining DNA strands together by catalyzing a phosphodiester bond. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Which of the following conditions does not show multifactorial inheritance?\n(A) Pyloric stenosis (B) Schizophrenia (C) Spina bifida (neural tube defects) (D) Marfan syndrome\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Multifactorial inheritance is when more than a single factor is responsible for causing a given trait or health problem. Genes cannot be the only factor. Marfan syndrome, on the other hand, requires only one abnormal copy of the of the Marfan gene, from one parent, to inherit the trait. The answer is (D).\n\nQ: A gene showing codominance\n(A) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote (B) has one allele dominant to the other (C) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome (D) has alleles expressed at the same time in development\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of genetic inheritance where the phenotype of both the parents is easily observed in the offspring. A heterozygote is an individual having two different alleles of a gene. The answer is (A).\n\nQ: Large triplet repeat expansions can be detected by:\n(A) polymerase chain reaction. (B) single strand conformational polymorphism analysis. (C) Southern blotting. (D) Western blotting.\nA: Let's think step by step. We refer to Wikipedia articles on medical genetics for help. A Southern blot is a method in molecular biology for detecting specific DNA sequences in a sample. Large triplet repeat expansions are usually detected with this method. The answer is (C).\n\nWhich of the following conditions is not caused by a mutation in FGFR3?\n(A) Achondroplasia (B) Crouzon syndrome (C) Thanatophoric dysplasia (D) Waardenburg syndrome \nA: Let's think step by step.", "label": "(D)", "options": ["(A)", "(B)", "(C)", "(D)"]}
